The hypothesis that choline supplementation may improve learning ability and memory in healthy adult individuals was first tested by Poly and colleagues

Nitrous oxide (N2O) induces anesthesia via interaction with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and low concentration (30%) of N2O is frequently used in dental procedure.

In 1974 some articles in the Australian medical press raised the question of the toxicity of bismuth subgallate administered to ileostomized patients. Somewhat earlier in France

Despite a substantial amount of research, there are still many secrets about the human brain that have been left uncovered. Many scholars have focused on the brain as a network of interacting pulsed neural oscillators in an attempt to understand how it functions.